TAARIKHDA AFGEMBIGA IYO HANNAANKA DIMUQRAADIYADDA: Afrika & Dunida.
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“Gorfeynta Inqilabyadii Fulay, Afgembiyadii fashilay iyo Inqilaabyadii la qorsheeyay”
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Hordhac:
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Ugu horreyn, dhaqanka Afgembi dawladeed, ma’aha mid dhawaan dunida ka curtay, amma ku kooban kaliya inqilaabyada Ciidan ee ka dhaca Qaaradda Afrika, se waa dhaqan dunida ka aawanaa/aawan tan iyo hillaadii quruumihii hore ee koonka ku noolaan jiray. Hadaba, afgembiyadii Dhacay Ka Hor Dhalashadii Nebi Ciise “BC”, waxay kala ahaayeen:
1. Ku beegnaan sannadkii 44 lyo 49 BC Julius Caesar ayaa shirqoolay xubno ka tirsanaa golaha guurtida dalka Romania, isaga oo fuliyay dhaqdhaqaaqyo ciidan. Balse kuma guuleysan inuu gacanta ku dhigo xukunka dalka.
2. Hillaaddii Sannadkii 82 BC xiligii “Sulla’s second civil war” Mr. Sulla ayaa daaqadda siyaasadda ka tuuray Gaius Marius the Younger, ka dibna isku magacaabay Roman dictator.
3. 185 BC waxa inqilaab laga fuliyay Maurya Empire oo xukumi jirtay inta badan dhulweynaha dalka Hindiya.
4. 209 BC, Modu Chanyu ayaa xukunkabkabtuuray aabbihii Touman oo ka talin jiray boqortooyadii Xiongnu emperor.
5. 404 BC Critias oo loo yaqaannay Thirty Turants ayaa inqilaab ciidan ku qabsaday Atthens.
6. 411 BC Antiphon oo loo yaqaannay The Four Hundred ayaa Afgembi ciidan ku qabsaday isla Athens.
7. 509 BC Lucius Juniue Brutus ayaa talada ka xoogay King of Rome Lucius Tarquinius oo ka talinayay Jamhuuriyadda Romania “Roman Republic”.
8. 632 BC Cylon ayaa abaabulay inqilaab fashilay oo ujeedkiisu ahaa qabsashada xukunka Athens.
9. 716 BC Gyges oo ahaa lilaaliyaha boqorka ayaa inqilaabbay King Candaules of Lydia.
10. 841BC Jehu ayaa dilay Jehoram iyo Ahaziah, ka dibna noqday King of Israel.
11. 876 BC taliye ciidan Zimri oo Israeli ahaa ayaa xilka ka tiuray boqor King Elah.
Afgembiyada Qaaradda Afrika:
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Ugu horreyn, ka dib 1960’s Qaaradda Madaw Ee Afrika waxa diwaanka Afgemiyada Bedelka Dawladnimo loo geliyay in ka badan 200 oo Afgembi dawladdeed, kuwaasi oo 45% ka mid ahi guuleysteen. Sidoo kale, 1960-maadkii ayaa ku suntan soo bixidda Cadceedda Xornimada Qaaradda Madaw Ee Afrika. Mar kale Agembiyada tirada badan ee qaaradda Cagaaran muddada dheer soo ballaysimay ayaa horseed u noqday qas iyo naafeyn hirgalka dawladnimo tolmoon. Waxayna dhiirigelisay jiritaanka qoddobadan hoos ku sheegan oo kala ah:
▪Diciifinta Qalfoofka Qaaradda,
▪Duminta Qabka Waddaniga,
▪Liidista Qoodhnimada Qaaradda,
▪Damminta Qiiqa udugga neecawda xornimada,
▪Golxeynta Qaabka Doorasho xor ah iyohirgelinta hannaan dawladnimo dimuqraadi ah,
▪Qalbi-jebinta shacabka,
▪Qorsheynta Qallaafada Nidaamka dawladnimo,
▪Qalooc-gelinta Metelaadda Ummadda.
▪Iwm.
Run ahaantii, geeddiga Dimuqraadiyadeynta Qaaradda Afrika, waxa saameyn togan/taban ku leh waxyaabo badan oo salka ku haya hannaan ku dhisan is heybsi iyo is ahaansho dibed yeedhis ah. Si kastaba ahaatee, waxa xaqiiq ah oo an marna meesha laga saari karin in hoggaamiyeyaasha Afrika ay ka mas’uul yihiin Jiritaanka qaloocyada hannaanka dawladnimo iyo Damminta iftiinkii Nal-tiriigga ee Xornimada Dawladnimada. Haddana, Afgembi dawladeedyada Qaaradda Afrika iyo dunida ka dhaca ayaa horseed u noqda luminta degenaanta iyo qas-gelinta nidaamyada jira, waxayna xukunka ka tuuraan dawladda jirta, iyaga oo durbadiiba daaqadda ka xuura dastuurka dalka.
Dhinaca kale, waxa kala gedisan Afgembi Ciidan iyo kacdoon dadweyne. Afgembi dawladeed waa marka ciidamada qalabka sidaa ay nidaam dawladeedka dhisan xoog iyo qori caaradii xukunka kaga ridaan. Halka kacdoon dadweyne yahay rabitaan shacab oo ka soo unkamay dhanxannagga siyaasadda ummadda. Haseyeeshee, Afgembi iyo kacdoon dadweyne, waxay ka siman yihiin bedelka nidaam ku gofanoobay jeclaysiga quudka laga dheego dhuuxa iyo dheecaanka wadhatada waddaniyiinta ah.
Hadaba, marka laga reebo is bedeladii dalwadnimo ee Ethiopia oo an iyada la gumeysan, dalka TOGO oo dhaca Qaaradda Afrika ayaa ahaa dalkii ibbo-furka u noqday hirgalka nidaamka Afgembiga dawladnimo ku beegnaan 13 bishii January sannadkii 1963-kii. Iyada oo guud ahaan Inqilaabyada hirgalay, kuwa fashilay iyo isku daygii Inqilaab ee ka dhacay Qaaradda Afrika ay ahaayeen sidan soo socota:
1. TOGO, 13 Jan 1963. Saddex goor,
2. BENIN,: Waxa Afgembi ciidan laga fuliyay:
▪28 OCT 1963, Christophe Soglo,
▪27 Nov 1965, Christope Soglo,
▪16 Dec 1967, Maurice Kouandete,
▪26 Oct 1972, Mathieu Kerekou,
▪ 17 Jan 1977, Frenchh-led Mercenaries,
▪04 March 2013, Thomas Boni Yayi.
3. BURKINOFASO: Waxa ka dhacay:
▪03 Jan 1966, Colonel Sangoule,
▪25 Nov 1980, Colonel Saye Zerbo,
▪07 Nov 1982, Major Jean-Baptiste,
▪28 Feb 1983, Fashil,
▪04 Aug 19883, Captain Thomas sankara,
▪15 Oct 1987, Captain Compaore,
▪18 Sep 1989, Fashil,
▪17 Sep 2015, Fashil,
▪08 Oct 2016, Fashil.
4. CHAD: Shan Afgembi ayaa ka dhacay intii u dhaxaysay 13 April sannadkii 1975 ilaa 01 May 2013 oo inqilaab fashilay lagu ekeeyay madaxweynihii hore ee dalka Chad Idiris Deby.
5. CAMAREROON: 06 April 1984,
6. AFRIKADA DHEXE: Shan inqilaab ayaa ka dhacday.
7. CMOROS: Lix Inqilaab,
8. Democratic Republic of Congo: Saddex jeer,
9. MASAR: Saddex Inqilaab,
10. ETHIOPIA: Inkasta oo aan iyada la gumeysan, haddana tan iyo sanndkii 1910-kii waxa ka dhacay shan is bedel dawladeed oo Afgembi ah iyo kacdoono dadweyne.
11. GAMBIA: Labo goor,
12. GABON: Labo goor,
13. GHANA: Lix goor,
14. GUINEA: Labo goor,
15. GUINEA BISSAU: Labo goor,
16. IVORY COAST: Hal mar,
17. KENYA: Hal mar fashil,
18. LIBERIA: Labo goor,
19. LIBYA: Shan goor,
20. MADACASCAR: Saddex goor,
21. MALI: Saddex goor,
22. MAURITANIA: Lix goor,
23. MOROCO: Labo goor,
24. NIGER: Afar goor,
25. NIGERIA: Siddeed goor,
26. RWANDA: Hal Inqilaab,
27. SOMALIA: Labo goor,
28. SUDAN: Lix Inqilaab,
29. TUNISIA: Labo goor,
30. UGANDA: Shan goor,
31. ZANZIBAR: Hal Inqilaab,
32. ZAMBIA: Labo jeer,
33. ZIMBABWE: Hal mar.
34. BURUNDI: Lix goor.
35. Equatorial GUINEA: Labo jeer.
36. SIERA LEONE: Shan jeer.
Afgembiyada Dunida:
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Xaqiiqdii, afgembiyada fulay, inqilaabyadii fashilay iyo kuwa la qorsheeyay ee dunida ka dhacay ayaa u muuqanaya marxalad adduunyadu kol soo martay oo hadda inteeda badani ka sii gudbeyso. Tusaale ahaan:
1. AFGHANISTAN Toban goor,
2. ARGENTINA: 11 goor,
3. BANGLADESH: 8 jeer,
4. BOLIVIA: 14 jeer,
5. BRAZIL: 8 Jeer,
6. CHINA: 18 jeer,
7. EL SALVADOR: Shan goor,
8. ENGLAND: Afar jeer,
9. FINNLAND: Saddex goor,
10. FRANCE: 15 Jeer,
11. GERMANY: Shan goor,
12. HAITI: 28 Jeer.
13. IRAN: 11 GOOR,
14. ITALY: Afar goor,
15. JAPAN: 16 Jeer,
16. SOUTH KOREA: Lix goor,
17. LAOS: Sagaal jeer,
18. MEXICO: Afar jeer,
19. NETHERLAND: Afar goor,
20. PANAMA: Shan jeer,
21. PAKISTAN: Lix goor,
22. IRAQ: Lix jeer,
23. PERU: Toddoba jeer,
24. ROMANIA: Lix goor,
25. RUSSIA: Afar goor,
26. SYRIA: Sagaal goor,
27. THAILAND: 21 Jeer,
28. USA: Afar jeer “Labo Fashilay, Mid fulay amma guuleystay, iyo Mid la qorsheeyay”.
29. VENEZUELA: Toddoba jeer,
30. SPAIN: 35 jeer.
Gunnaanad:
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Ugi danbeyntii, kacdoonandii shacbiga ahaa ee sannaddahanba ka oognaa geyiga woqooyiga Qaaradda Afrika, gaar ahaan degsiimada qoomiyadda Carbeed ayaa shalayto saameysay dalka Suudaan. Ka dibna ciidamada dalkaasi ayaa xukunkii ka nasiyay madaxweyne Cumar Xasan al-Bashiir oo kuddo 30 sanno gaadheysa soo hayay talada dalkiisa. Waxa la yaab eh in Jamhuuriyada Shankaroon land “JSL” aynna dunida la wadaagin barta madaw ee taariikhda dawladnimada. Waayo, Jamhuuriyadda somaliland waxay tirsaneysaa 28 sanno iyo shan madaxweyne oo talada dalka ku hantay xulasho shirweyne iyo doorasho xor iyo xalaal ah oo dalka ka dhacday sadd3x kaltan madaxtooyo, hal doorasho baarlamaan iyo labo doorasho deegaan. Sidaa awgeed caawa haddaan dunida u faano yaa igu haysta?.
Allaa Mahad leh,
Wada shaqeyn wacan,
Jamal A. Muse
Ag. Guud Ee Wasaaradda xidhiidhka goleyaasha Iyo arrimaha Dastuurka JSL.
Xigasho:
• http//en.m.wikipedia.org,
Title: List of coups d’état and coup attempts by country.
Coups in the World, 1950–Present – Database on coups and coup attempts 1950–present, by Jonathan Powell and Clayton Thyne.
Coups d’Etat, 1946–2015 – List of coups and coup attempts 1946–2015, by the Center for Systemic Peace